Metropolitan France topographic map

Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bièvre for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new…

Average elevation: 75 m

Average elevation: 21 m

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Average elevation: 190 m

In the late Quaternary, the current topographic physiognomy was formed—i.e. a set of hills overlooking a swampy lowland. The promontory of Bassussarry–Marracq ultimately extended to the Labourdin foothills. The Grand Bayonne hill is an example. Similarly, on the right bank of the Nive, the heights of…

Average elevation: 23 m

Average elevation: 607 m

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Average elevation: 186 m

The resort was founded in 1964 and has an altitude range of 1,850 m (6,070 ft).

Average elevation: 2,063 m

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Average elevation: 1,556 m

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Average elevation: 1,063 m

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Average elevation: 649 m

Average elevation: 1,376 m

Average elevation: 31 m

Average elevation: 661 m

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Average elevation: 1,787 m

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Average elevation: 59 m

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Average elevation: 563 m

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Average elevation: 1,213 m

Average elevation: 395 m

Average elevation: 1,876 m

Average elevation: 123 m

Average elevation: 720 m

Average elevation: 153 m

From the west, the climb starts at Les Clapier, near Le Bourg-d'Oisans, from where the climb is 34.2 km (21.3 mi) long, gaining 1,312 m (4,304 ft) in altitude, at an average gradient of 3.8%, with the steepest section being at 7.5% in the first kilometre.

Average elevation: 2,261 m

Average elevation: 8 m

Average elevation: 1,282 m

Average elevation: 399 m

Average elevation: 147 m

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Average elevation: 1,771 m

Average elevation: 1,838 m

Average elevation: 182 m

Average elevation: 806 m

Average elevation: 32 m

Average elevation: 243 m

Average elevation: 6 m

Average elevation: 2 m

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Average elevation: 743 m

Average elevation: 209 m

Average elevation: 162 m

Average elevation: 148 m

Average elevation: 35 m

It is low-lying and largely barren, with some scattered grasses, and a few clumps of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera). Land elevations average 2 m (6.6 ft), though a small volcanic outcrop rising to 29 m (95 ft) on its south-east side is considerably higher and is referred to as 'Clipperton Rock'.[13] The…

Average elevation: 0 m

Average elevation: 1,486 m

Average elevation: 849 m

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Average elevation: 37 m

Average elevation: 994 m

Average elevation: 569 m

Average elevation: 1,946 m

The maximum elevation for skiing is at Telesiege Yret at 2,800 m (9,190 ft) above sea level, and the minimum is 1,200 m (3,940 ft), a total vertical drop of 1,600 m (5,250 ft). One of the outstanding features of Serre Chevalier is the wooded nature of the slopes. The timber line is at 2,150 m (7,050 ft),…

Average elevation: 2,256 m

Average elevation: 72 m

Average elevation: 90 m

Average elevation: 693 m

Average elevation: 125 m

Average elevation: 7 m

Average elevation: 39 m

Average elevation: 58 m